[1] Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110.
[2] Roberts MC. Update on macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, ketolide, and oxazolidinone resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2008 May;282(2):147-59.
[3] SOUTH MA, SHORT DH, KNOX JM.FAILURE OF ERYTHROMYCIN ESTOLATE THERAPY IN IN UTERO SYPHILIS. JAMA. 1964 Oct 5;190:70-1.
[4] Katz KA, Klausner JD.Azithromycin resistance in Treponema pallidum.Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;21(1):83-91.
[5] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Azithromycin treatment failures in syphilis infections--San Francisco, California, 2002-2003.MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004 Mar 12;53(9):197-8.
[6] Mitchell SJ, Engelman J, Kent CK, et al.Azithromycin-resistant syphilis infection: San Francisco, California, 2000-2004.Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1;42(3):337-45.
[7] Ghanem KG, Erbelding EJ, Cheng WW, et al.Doxycycline compared with benzathine penicillin for the treatment of early syphilis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Mar 15;42(6):e45-9.
[8] Kang-Birken SL, Castel U, Prichard JG.. Oral doxycycline for treatment of neurosyphilis in two patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.Pharmacotherapy. 2010 Apr;30(4):119e-22e.
[9] Onoda Y.Therapeutic effect of oral doxycycline on syphilis. Br J Vener Dis. 1979 Apr;55(2):110-5.
[10] Johnson RC, Bey RF, Wolgamot SJ.Comparison of the activities of ceftriaxone and penicillinG against experimentally induced syphilis in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1982 Jun;21(6):984-9.
[11] Zhou P, Gu Z, Xu J, et al. A study evaluating ceftriaxone as a treatment agent for primary and secondary syphilis in pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis. 2005 Aug;32(8):495-8.
[12] Spornraft-Ragaller P, Abraham S, Lueck C, et al.Response of HIV-infected patients with syphilis to therapy with penicillin or intravenous ceftriaxone. Eur J Med Res. 2011 Feb 24;16(2):47-51.
[13] Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Molini BJ, et al.Macrolide resistance in Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 8;351(2):154-8
[14] Vester B, Douthwaite S.Macrolide resistance conferred by base substitutions in 23S rRNA.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Jan;45(1):1-12.
[15] Matejková P, Flasarová M, Zákoucká H, et al.Macrolide treatment failure in a case of secondary syphilis: a novel A2059G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. J Med Microbiol. 2009 Jun;58(Pt 6):832-6.
[16] Stamm LV.Global challenge of antibiotic-resistant Treponema pallidum.Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Feb;54(2):583-9.
[17 ] Wu JY, Kim JJ, Reddy R, et al.Tetracycline-resistant clinical Helicobacter pylori isolates with and without mutations in 16S rRNA-encoding genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005 Feb;49(2):578-83.
[18] Pringle M, Fellstr?m C, Johansson KE.Decreased susceptibility to doxycycline associated with a 16S rRNA gene mutation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Vet Microbiol. 2007 Jul 20;123(1-3):245-8.
[19] Matejková P, Strouhal M, Smajs D, et al.Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum ssp. pallidum strain SS14 determined with oligonucleotide arrays. BMC Microbiol. 2008 May 15;8:76.
[20] Zapun A, Contreras-Martel C, Vernet T. Penicillin-binding proteins and beta-lactam resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2008 Mar;32(2):361-85.
[21] Cha JY, Ishiwata A, Mobashery S.A novel beta-lactamase activity from a penicillin-binding protein of Treponema pallidum and why syphilis is still treatable with penicillin. J Biol Chem. 2004 Apr 9;279(15):14917-21.