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Wu Fan, Wang Qianqiu. Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China Corresponding author: Wang Qianqiu, Email: doctorwqq@163.com ��Abstract�� Neurosyphilis, a chronic infectious disease affecting the central nervous system, is caused by Treponema pallidum. With the increasing prevalence of syphilis and HIV infection, neurosyphilis has attracted increasing attention from scientific researchers and clinical workers. Recent researches have indicated that T helper type 17 cells and regulatory T cells may play important roles in the occurrence and development of neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis has complicated and nonspecific clinical manifestations, and usually mimics many other diseases. More and more studies have been conducted to describe the clinical features of neurosyphilis. This review summarizes advances in neurosyphilis, which may offer new clues for further exploration into the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis.