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Wang Qi, Yu Ruixing, Yin Yueping. Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China Corresponding author: Yin Yueping, Email: yinyp@ncstdlc.org ��Abstract�� T helper type 1 ��Th1�� cytokines predominate in primary syphilis, while Th2 cytokines predominate in secondary syphilis. Th1 cytokines such as interleukin ��IL��-2 and interferon ��IFN��-γ can enhance the ability of T cells to promote the clearance of Treponema pallidum ��TP�� and healing of skin lesions. Along with the progression of syphilis, Th1 cytokines decrease, while Th2 cytokines ��including IL-4 and IL-10�� increase to inhibit cellular immunity and result in long-term latency of TP infection in the body. Th7 cells can secrete IL-7 and exert a protective role in anti-syphilis immunity. Other kinds of cytokines including IFN and IL-12 also play important roles in anti-syphilis immune response.