1. ���ľ�ҽ��ѧ����ҽԺ
2. ����ʡ�����е��ľ�ҽ��ѧ����ҽԺƤ����

����������ֲ�����ķ�չ�����������ڵ��ӳ����������Ƽ���Ӧ�����༰ʹ��ʱ���������ߣ���Ȼ�������ųⷴӦ����Ҳʹ�������߹����ܵ���ͬ�̶ȵ����ƣ�ʹ��������ܲ�����Ⱦ��Ӱ�컼��������������в�������������ѳ�Ϊ��ֲʧ�ܵľ������ء���������Ⱦ����������ֲʱ��������أ���������ռ����Ҫ��λ������ʱ����ӳ������������Ⱦ�����ӣ����ҵ��¸�Ⱦ�񻯣���֢��������ˣ�ͨ����������ֲ���峣��������Ⱦ��Ƥ���������Σ�����ص��о�����Ϊ�ٴ�Ԥ�������Ƽ�Ԥ���ж��ṩָ�����塣

With the development of organ transplantation and extension of survival, the types of and duration of treatment with immunosuppressants have increased constantly. Although these immunosuppressive agents impair patients' reactivity to the graft, they inhibit the immune function of recipients to some degrees, and make them more susceptible to viral infections, which may influence patients' quality of life and even threaten their lives. Now, secondary viral infection has become a determinative factor in the success of transplantation. The categories of skin viral infection are closely associated with the duration after organ transplant. In the early months, herpes virus predominates; with the time prolongation, opportunistic infections increase, which may lead to the deterioration of infection and development of cancer. Therefore, to study the viral infection-associated dermatoses and related risk factors in organ transplant recipients will provide a guide to clinical prevention, treatment and prognostic evaluation.

[1] Claas Ulrich,Monika Hackethal,Thomas Meyer,et al.Skin infections in organ transplant recipients.JDDG;2008.6:98-104. [2] Cole PD,Stiles J,Boulad F,et al.Successful treatment of human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis in a bone marrow trans-plant recipient.Clin Infect Dis 1998 Sep; 27 (3): 653–4. [3] Slifkin M,Doron S,Snydman DR.Viral prophylaxis in organ transplant patients. Drugs 2004; 64 (24):2763–92. [4] Stockfleth E,Nindl I,Sterry W,et al.Human papil-lomaviruses in transplant-associated skin cancers.Dermatol Surg 2004 Apr;30 (4 Pt 2): 604–9. [5] Ulrich C,Christophers C,Sterry W,et al.Skin diseases in organ transplant recipients. Hautarzt 2002 Aug; 53 (8): 524–33. [6] Varon NF,Alangaden GJ.Emerging trends in infections among renal trans-plant recipients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004 Feb; 2 (1): 95–109. [7] Marteli-marzagao F,Yamashiro AS,Ogawa MM,et al.Clinical and histopathological characterization and typing of the human papillomavirus in common warts of kidney transplant recipients.An Bras Dermatol.2010 Oct;85(5):743-6. [8] Roka S,Rasoul-Rockenschaub S,Roka J,Kirnbauer R,et al.Prevalence of anal HPV infection in solid-organ transplant patients prior to immunosuppression. Transpl Int 2004 Aug; 17 (7): 366–9. [9] Ahmadpoor P.Human herpesvirus-8 and Kaposi sarcoma after kidney transplantation:mechanisms of tumor genesis.Iran J Kidney Dis.2009 Jul;3(3):121-6. [10]Bubic-Filipi Lj,Basic-Jukic N,Pasini J,et al.Clinical features of Kaposi’s sarcoma in Croatian renal transplant recipients.Prilozi.2009 Dec;30(2):175-84. [11] Gotti E,Remuzzi G.Post-transplant Kaposi’s sarcoma.J Am SocNephrol 1997; 8: 130–137. [12] Ryan J.Sullivan,Liron Pantanowitz,Bruce J.Dezube.Targeted therapy in Kaposi sarcoma.BioDrugs.2009;23(2):69-75. [13] Franco A,Jimenez L,Sillero C,et al.Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in renal transplantation :two decades of experience.Nefrologia.2010 ;30(6) :669-75. [14] Choi JH,Park BB,Suh C,et al.Clinical characteristics of monomorphic post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders.J Korean Med Sci.2010 Apr;25(4):523-6. [15] Borhani AA,Hosseinzadeh K,Almusa O,et al.Imaging of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation.Radiographics.2009 Jul-Aug;29(4):981-1000;discussion 1000-2. [16] Feng H,Shuda M,Chang Y,et al.Clonal integration of apolyomavirus in humanMerkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008; 319:1096–1100. [17] Athar M,Walsh SB,Kopelovich L,et al.Pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancers in organ transplant recipients.Arch Biochem Biophys.2011 Apr 15;508(2):159-63. [18] I.Nindl,F.Rosl.Molecular Concepts of Virus Infections Causing Skin Cancer in Organ Transplant Recipients.American Journal of Transplantation 2008;8:2199-2204. [19] Purdie KJ, Surentheran T, Sterling JC Bell L,et al. Humanpapillomavirus gene expression in cuta-neous squamous cell carcinomas from immunosuppressed and immunocom-petent individuals. L Invest Dermatol 2005 Jul; 125 (1): 98–107. [20] Kalinova L,Majek O,Stehlik D,et al.Skin cancer incidence in renal transplant recipients-a single center study.Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub.2010 Sep;154(3):257-60. [21] Lane JE,Bowman PH,Cohen DJ.Epidermodysplasia verruciformis.South Med J 2003;96:613-615. [22] Jan N. Bouwes Bavinck, Sylvie Euvrard, Luigi Naldi,et al .Keratotic Skin Lesions and Other Risk Factors Are Associated with Skin Cancer in Organ-Transplant Recipients:A Case-Control Study in The Netherlands,United Kingdom,Germany,France,and Italy.J Invest Dermatol.2007 July;127(7):1647-1656. [23] Murphy G.Ultraviolet radiation and immunosuppression.Br J Dermatol.2009;161:90–5. [24] Beissert S,Schwarz T.Ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression:implications for photocarcinogenesis. Cancer Treat Res. 2009;146:109–21. [25] Amron D, Moy R.Stratospheric ozone depletion and its relationship to skin cancer. J Dermatol Surg Oncol.1991;17:370–2. [26] Emmert B,Hallier E,Schon MP,et al.Xeroderma pigmentosum(XP):A genetic disease sheds light on UV-induced skin cancer.Hautarzt.2011 Feb;62(2):91-7. [27] Queille S,Luron L,Spatz A,et al.Analysis of skin cancer risk factors in immunosuppressed renal transplant patients shows high levels of UV-specific tandem CC to TT mutations of the p53 gene.Carcinogenesis.2007 Mar;28(3):724-31. [28] Molina BD,Leiro MG,Pulpon LA,et al.Incidence and risk factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer after cancer after heart transplantation.Transplant Proc.2010 Oct;42(8):3001-5.