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Dermatomyositis / polymyositis is an inflammatory muscle disease of Dermatomyositis/polymyositis is an inflammatory muscle disease of unknown cause, and carries elevated risks of cancers. The most associated cancers are ovarian cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, gastroenteric cancer, and so on. Nasopharyngeal cancer is more commonly associated with dermatomyositis/polymyositis in Asian countries. It is revealed that older age at onset, the male sex, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and severe skin lesions are associated with a high risk of malignancy in patients with dermatomyositis/polymyositis. The pathogenesis of malignancy associated with dermatomyositis/polymyositis is thought to be a possible antigenic similarity between regenerating myoblasts and some cancer cell populations. An autoantibody against a protein with a relative molecular mass of 155 000 has proved to be a serologic marker of cancer-associated dermatomyositis/polymyositis.